Obesity Essay

Overweight and obesity is on the increase in both adults and children. TheForesight: Tackling Obesities: Future Choices – Project Report(Government Office for Science, 2007) suggests that by 2050, 50% of the UK’s population will be obese. This is a major cause for concern as obesity can lead to coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, certain types of cancer and complications in pregnancy as well as many other well documented health complications (Ewles, 2005). Not only is obesity and poor nutrition likely to increase the cost to the NHS from ? 2billion per year to ? 5billion per year in 2025 but the social implications are huge. By reducing premature deaths people, on average would enjoy and extra 1. 3 – 2. 5 million years of life and 2. 8 million years of illness and disability-free life (DoH, 2010). However, in contrast, the Health Survey for England (National Heart Forum, 2009) would suggest that although obesity is still a problem, the prevalence of obese children aged 2-11 years is, in fact, declining: By simply incorporating the recent Health Survey for England (HSE) data into the Heart Forum model, it is shown that for children of both sexes, aged 2 to 11, the predicted prevalence of overweight and obese in 2020 drop from their Foresight predicted values of 28% overweight and 16% obese to 22% overweight and 12% obese. Since the review of obesity predictions in 2005ii, the 2006 data showed a small reduction in obesity levels a nd the 2007 data have tended to confirm this decrease. † This would indicate, that some, if not all of the health promotion strategies are beginning to take effect. This essay will be critically examining the current early interventions, health promotion practices and Government policies aimed at reducing health inequalities with regards to improving nutrition and reducing obesity. All of the interventions discussed in this essay utilise the Public Health ‘Upstream Approach’ whereby the problems caused by disease and disability are addressed through prevention rather than treatment (Bournhonesque and Mosbaek, 2002). I have, therefore, not discussed weight-management clinics which aim to treat overweight and obesity – a ‘Downstream Approach’ which cannot be considered an early intervention. The Black Report (DHSS, 1980), the Acheson Report (DoH, 1998) and the more recent Marmot Review (DoH, 2010) all identify that there are great differences between health behaviours and outcomes across a socio-economic gradient – widely known as health inequalities. In simple terms, the more money you have, the better educated you are and the better your housing and social environment are (including ethnicity) the better decisions regarding your health you will make andthe healthier you and your lifestyle will be. The Determinants of Health and Wellbeing in Human Habitation model (Barton and Grant, 2006) demonstrates clearly the relationship between people and other external factors that contribute to health and wellbeing and, as stated by WHO, 2011: â€Å"The social determinants of health are mostly responsible for health inequities. † For example, with regards to nutrition and obesity, the National Childhood Measurement Programme (2009) shows that in England approx. 23% of people in the most deprived quintile are obese but only approx. 13% of people in the least deprived quintile are obese. It is also shown that whilst different areas of England are more obese than others (London having the highest figures and the South West having the lowest) the general trend remains the same. Despite Government initiatives like ‘Change4Life’ (DoH, 2011) which discusses portion sizes, healthy snack options and makes recommendations such as eating five portions of fruit and vegetables a day statistics suggest that there has been limited success. The House of Commons report, Health Inequalities (2009) showed that 35% of people of professional and managerial occupations will consume five pieces of fruit and vegetables per day but hat only 21% of people who are unemployed or in part-time employment will consume the recommended amount of fruit and vegetables. The Low Income Diet and NutritionSurvey (Nelson et al/Food Standards Agency, 2007) showed that 66% of boys will eat less than two portions of fruit and vegetables per day and in comparison 56% of girls will eat less fruit and vegetables per day. It also showed that the consumption of saturated fat differs between age and gender – men consuming 30. 4g per day, women 59. 4g, boys 27. 5g and girls 24. 7g. There is also evidence of inequalities between race, gender and age and these are not always mutually exclusive. The Government White Paper Healthy Lives, Healthy People: A Call to Action on Obesity in England (DoH, 2011) highlights inequalities within ethnic minorities with women showing a higher prevalence of obesity than men. Healthy Lives, Healthy People (DoH, 2010) describes a partnership between the DoH and Association of Convenience Stores with the aim of making fresh fruit and vegetables more available in deprived areas and also providing chiller cabinets for fresh fruit and vegetables in work areas. Healthy Start (DoH) is an initiative that allows low-income families to purchase free fruit, vegetables, milk and infant formula and vitamins in exchange for vouchers thereby encouraging the uptake of healthy foods. The Healthy Start Quality Impact Assessment (DoH, 2010) has been careful to identify and eliminate potential inequalities that could be connected with the vouchers e. g. Kosher alternatives can be purchased with the vouchers. The same document indicates that the Healthy Start scheme has been largely successful but improvements to healthy nutrition education for families and awareness amongst eligible families of the scheme need to be made. Young children are, of course, reliant on their parents to provide their sources of nutrition. The Scottish Health Survey (2003) showed that children from families of lower socio-economic status consumed more fat, sugar and processed foods and less fibre, less ‘good’ carbohydrates like pasta and rice and less poultry and white fish. A child’s weight can be influenced by many different factors including parental attitudes to food, family eating behaviours (young children model their eating on parental eating habits), food choices and reduced physical activity/increased sedentary lifestyles (DoH, 2009). It is therefore important to address parental nutrition as well as that of the children within the family. This can be a challenge if the family in question do not perceive there to be a problem with their current diet or lifestyle. Sometimes recommending healthy nutrition to parents, handing out leaflets of signposting to websites or support organisations is simply not sufficient. It is important, as professionals, to recognise that some families will need a greater input than others and that the level of engagement with each family is likely to vary. The Educational Approach (Green and Tones, 2010) to Health Promotion aims to provide evidence-based information coupled with developing individual skills that will enable a person to make informed decisions about their health behaviour. This can, however, result in the client making voluntary choices which may not concur with the health promoter’s. Training is available for professionals e. g. HENRY (Health, Exercise and Nutrition for the Really Young) funded by the DoH and Department for Children, Schools and Families. This scheme trains professionals working with families and young children to empower parents to provide an optimally healthy environment for their children. It is soundly based upon the Family Partnership Model and uses solution-focused approaches and reflective practices and, having undergone evaluation, has shown to be a widely successful programme (Rudolf et al, 2009; Davis et al, 2002). For older children and their parents, cookery and nutrition lessons are now being made compulsory within schools (House of Commons, 2009) and ‘Cook It’ classes are available as part of the Healthy Lifestyles Service commissioned in some Primary Care Trusts. There is a drive to improve school meals, children’s awareness and knowledge of healthy food and the general food experience through initiatives such as the Food for Life Partnership which through evaluation has shown to be a success (Orme, 2011). Christensen (2004) describes a Health-Promoting Family Model, whereby internal factors (such as genetics, family health history and values and goals) and external factors at societal level (income and wealth, housing, ethnicity etc. ) and community level (health services, mass media, peer-groups etc. can all shape a child’s health and well-being. It also discusses the idea of a child being an actor for health promotion and that their behaviour, opinions and self-awareness can be influential upon the family within which they are a member. The suggestion, therefore, that parental behaviour change is solely responsible for the health outcomes of family members is, perhaps, inaccurate. This model provides a substantial argument fo r Healthy Eating education within nurseries and pre-schools and also the promotion and implementation of the Food for Life Partnership. It has been widely documented that the gap in health inequalities is widening despite best efforts to close it. The UKPHA (2004) responded to the White Paper Choosing Health – Making Healthy Choices Easier (DoH, 2004) by stating that choices in Public Health at a population level are spurious. The rich are becoming richer, the poor are becoming more likely to be victims and perpetrators of crime, progress in reducing the gender pay gap is slow and deprived communities suffer the worst effects of environmental degradation. The response states that if you have lower socio-economic status, behaviour change and making healthy choices is simply not always an option; whilst Government initiatives and information given to families by health professionals is designed to empower people to make healthy choices, the locus of control is not always endogenous (Rotter, 1966). It should be recognised that the act of empowerment and giving advice to those who cannot act upon it, is, perhaps, an act of disempowerment serving only to feed the concept of a ‘Nanny State’ and creating a disconnection between behaviour and desirable outcomes (Freire, 1985). WHO (1999) states that whilst national health policy should prioritise those most in need, all social groups are affected by unequal distribution of benefits related to socioeconomic growth and societal goods (e. g. access to education) and this needs to be addressed if the gap in health equality is to be closed. The Government has pledged to use evidence-based services to address the problem of inequalities in nutrition aimed at different population groups at National, Community and Local levels (DoH, 2011). Beattie’s Four Paradigms for Health Promotion (1991) clearly shows how health promotion can be a ‘Top Down or Bottom Up’ exercise with the professional being either a leader or a facilitator for change. The Social Change model (Naidoo and Wills, 2009) whereby changes are sought within organisations at Government level to bring about improvements of the physical, social and economic environments thus promoting health can be demonstrated through the use of mass media, advertising and policy-change. The Healthy Food Code of Good Practice (DoH, 2008) sets out seven targets including restrictions on the advertising of unhealthy food to children, information on nutritional content of food in a variety of settings and a single, simple and effective approach to food labelling. The Food Standards Agency has adopted the ‘Traffic Light System’ to visually indicate the nutritional value of foods with ease – this, the DoH (2008) states, has helped to drive behaviour change. The Behaviour Change model (Naidoo and Wills, 2009) is concerned with making improvements to a client’s individual health by encouraging them to change their lifestyle. However, the client has to be ready to make the change – without this component, the act of behaviour change is likely to be ineffective (NICE, 2007). Subsequently, this can lead to ‘victim blaming’ (Ewles, 2005) if the individual is seen to be ‘ignoring’ advice whichis counterproductive when those choices are not really choices and the locus of control is exogenous. However, with the gap in health inequalities no nearer to being closed, can the Government truly conclude that these measures are working towards behaviour change and healthier lifestyle choices? I would suggest that until the cost of healthy food is reduced, thereby making it more accessible to families with lower socio-economic status, surely the visual aids and advertising are futile? Both the Foresight Report (2007) and the Government White Paper Healthy Weight, Healthy Lives (DoH, 2008) recommend that early intervention could be a way oftackling the problem of overweight and obesity. The Health Visitor Implementation Plan: A Call to Action (DoH, 2011) states that early intervention is ‘the most effective way of dealing with health, development and other problems within the family’ and the CPHVA/Unite (2008) recognise that Health Visitors play a key role in reducing childhood obesity through contact with families antenatally, postnatally and throughout the early years of a child’s life. This is discussed further within the schedule of the Child Health Promotion Programme (DoH, 2008) which states that healthy weight and nutrition should be discussed from the days of early pregnancy. The Marmot Review (DoH, 2010) discusses a Life Course Approach which suggests that, even from the antenatal period, there will be certain life events that affect health (for example, in childhood, variation in nutrition affects growth which can then be associated with adult health risks [Wadsworth, 1997]) and wellbeing and that early intervention and prevention is key. A logical early intervention to prevent obesity would be to promote healthy nutrition in families. Singhal et al (2004) state that: â€Å"Early nutrition has a major impact on long-term health including cognitive function, bone health and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. ‘Start4Life’ (DoH, 2011) covers topics such as breastfeeding (which is widely recognised as a protective factor for obesity), weaning (again, widely recognised as a protective factor for obesity if started no earlier than 6 months) and physical activity for babies. EMPOWER (Empowering Mothers to Prevent Obesity at Weaning) is a sp ecialist health visiting programme involving home visits to babies who are at high risk because their mothers were extremely obese prior to pregnancy. The programme has been developed and piloted and is currently undergoing phase 2 of a randomised controlled trial (Barlow et al, 2009). Sure Start Children’s Centres offer support with healthy eating and breastfeeding, in conjunction with Health Visitor clinics, breastfeeding support groups and postnatal groups. However,the NESS (National Evaluation of Sure Start, Birbeck University of London, 2005) review of Sure Start Children’s Centres indicated that whilst the centres had benefit to less deprived families, there was little benefit to those families of greatest need. This could be explained by Tudor Hart’s (1971) Inverse Care Law; those who are most in need of an intervention either do not or cannot access ervices that are available. The setting for health promotion is integral to effective health education and taking into account accessibility, the target group and the premises (or location) is a fundamental role of the health professional (Green and Tones, 2010). Getting this right can help to avoid the risk of increasing the health gap in society by addressing the needs of excluded groups and including unconventional settings (Linnan and Owens Ferguson, 2007). The Ottawa Charter (WHO, 1986) states that: Health promotion works through concrete and effective community action in setting priorities, making decisions, planning strategies and implementing them to achieve better health. At the heart of this process is the empowerment of communities – their ownership and control of their own endeavours and destinies. † TheEuropean Health for All Policy Framework (WHO, 1999) demonstrates that by allowing individuals, groups and communities to influence the context in which they experience health and giving control over the environment in which they live and work, people are encouraged to take responsibility for their own health. Witness accounts of a community successfully working together to prevent the closure of a budget supermarket in an affluent town centre rejuvenation project demonstrate how effective community empowerment can be (Ayre, 2011). As discussed throughout this essay there are a huge number of evidence-based documents that highlight the necessity for healthy nutrition and many more besides. Evidence-based practice and evidence-based health promotion are both becoming increasingly recognised within the public health domain (Nutbeam, 1999). Whilst, as identified by Perkins et al. 1999), evidence-based health promotion is a good thing, the UK Treasury Report (HM Treasury/DoH, 2002) would suggest that there is a high volume of research describing the problem of health inequalities but relatively little intervention research that helps to identify practical responses. Nutbeam (2004) describes the notion of ‘analysis paralysis’ for academics and policy-makers as a result of the compl exities surrounding the differences in opportunity, access and resources and their impact on health status. This leads to continuous examination and debate about the nature of the problem but little effective action to tackle it. Nutbeam carries on to say that a deficit in research surrounding wider social, economic and environmental determinants of health can discourage Government responses until more convincing evidence is obtained or can restrict attention to only good evidence of effect thereby narrowing responses significantly. Public health policies are inevitably guided by political considerations alongside available scientific evidence (Black, 2001) which can lead to restrictions in evidence-based assessments thus resulting in the ‘wrong answer to the right question’ (Davey-Smith et al. 2001). Having discussed healthy nutrition as an early intervention to prevent obesity, I would like to conclude that whilst there are many documents and initiatives concerned with reducing health inequalities across socioeconomic gradients, slow progress is being made. I feel it should be a priority to engage individuals, families and communities in health promoting activities and consultations that will e ncourage ownership in improving their diet and nutritional intake whilst taking into account their social, economic and environmental circumstances. Until the cost of healthy food is driven down and the availability of cheap, unhealthy food is reduced little will change. As stated by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (2011): â€Å"Suggesting that children in particular can be â€Å"nudged† into making healthy choices especially when faced with a food landscape which is persuading them to do the precise opposite suggests this would be best described as a call to inaction. † I perceive that, when combined, the Behaviour Change model and Educational Approach could be successful – when given the opportunity to make informed decisions, healthy choices may become more likely. I also believe that, if used in isolation, neither model would have the desired outcome. Timely dialogue should occur to encourage the receptivity to behaviour change and evidence-based health promotion should be delivered in a way that is amenable and accessible to all socioeconomic groups. A ‘Bottom Up’ approach, whilst difficult to truly achieve, could be an effective way to tackle to problem of poor nutrition and the resulting overweight and obesity with clients identifying their own needs and gaining skills and confidence to act upon them (Naidoo and Wills, 2009). I would suggest that the majority of interventions regarding healthy nutrition and reducing obesity (and perhaps all health promotion activities) are all top down as they all have a common goal – changing behaviour and improving health by providing evidence-based information with the professional acting as an ‘expert in the field’ (Naidoo and Wills, 2009). The delivery of the intervention, therefore, denotes not only the perceived role of the professional but also the level of success.

Promo Plan

Students also benefit from the trainers experience, knowledge and enthusiastic support. Target Market: Students that want to develop managerial skills and a global business perspective to secure work in international business environments or with international clients or colleagues. Target Market Choice: Young people that normally have time to study and have a big interest in learning new things and gaining new skills. People in our target market want to improve themselves, they are ambitious and career-oriented.Demographics: Age: 18-25 Gender: Income: $ minimal, parental support additional Location: Urban and Suburban English is essential Languages: Cultural Considerations Men and Women Beef and pork are off the menu for nearly all Indians. By no means can beef or pork snacks be served at the presentation for the Indian delegation. A ‘yes' may not be followed by the expected course of action. Many cultures take ‘yes' to mean yes'. For other cultures, ‘yes' can mean anything from ‘it is my intention' to a simple desire to avoid confrontation Indians will be very conscious of how they are treated by each other as well as by business visitors.There is an expectation that one should be treated with the level of respect they deserve due to their status or position, both in the equines environment and in society as a whole. Promotional Technique's: will Promote this course on two different types of advertising techniques: Online and Events, these two work incredibly great in ILLS, we count with many way to promote via online like Faceable, Twitter etc.. And we provide events all around Sydney to reach all kinds of public and make social interaction easier to the international public.Effectiveness: Having these two types of advertising its proven to be successful in the past and having already a large range of social media at IL SC we make a big impression on young students that are browsing the internet often, in the case of events and person al advertising, having a more personal approach to people its really important for making a bond with the student and we have a lot of cultural diversity in the administration of the college that helps us to promote the course as well. Financial performance: Online is the cheapest, fastest and the more effective way to promote the course.Local and international events aren't that hard either, the events that are made by IL SC are managed real carefully and the various brochures and leers that we hand out are incredibly detailed and well done. Objectives: My goals for my promotional activities are: 200 new followers on Faceable 100 new followers on twitter 1000 hand out flyers all around Delhi Promotional Activity Resources Timing Budget Who 1. Postage for the expedition of the printed material Postage Australia to India September 2014 $5000 John 2.Ads in Indian youth magazines Launch advertising in popular Indian youth magazines September 2014 – September 2014 $75000 George 3 . Ads in Indian daily newspapers Launch advertising in Indian newspapers $100000 . Marketing assistant In Delhi to support the Marketing September 2014 -? September 2014 $35000 5. TV commercial Commercial and show it as many times as possible December 2014 – February 2014 $248000 6. Leaflets that will be laid out in Indian travel agencies 1 ooh leaflets August 2014 $2000 Paul 7. Brochures that will be laid out in Indian travel agencies 10000 brochures Paul 8.Social Media On IL Sac's social media sites August 2014 – December 2014 $0 9. Online banner promotion in total 500'000 banners Contact our marketing agency and let our marketing assistant in Delhi organize it September 2014 – September 2015 $10000 10. Online pop-up-ads in total 1,000,000 pop-ups Let our marketing assistant in Delhi organize it September 2014 -? September 201 5 $20000 Policies and Procedures: Legislative: The economic liberation's process began in India in the 1 adds, the process of setting u p businesses and incorporation of entities has become more transparent and organized.Things that ILLS should consider: Seek legal advice on protecting intellectual property. There could be potential violations of intellectual property and copyrights. Adopt an appropriate legal ND tax structure from inception use a qualified legal and tax firm with a presence in India to review all contracts Ethical: ILLS has to ensure that the human rights of its employees and local people in countries in which it operates are protected. Security: All files password-safes.

Whole Foods Market Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 4

Whole Foods Market Expansion - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Whole Foods Market Inc. is a natural food chain store founded in 1980 in Austin, Texas. Four local businesspersons namely, Renee Lawson Hardy and John Mackey owners of Safer Way Natural Foods, and Mark Skiles and Craig Weller, who were owners of Clarksville Natural Grocery came together to start the chain store. They were brought together by the idea that a supermarket that specialized in natural foods was necessary if they were to exploit the market fully. As it turns out, the group’s idea was right as the store gained success immediately after its opening. This has seen the company grow leaps and bounds from a single store to a multi-shop franchise with shops all over the United States. The growth stemmed from the fact that the success from the start saw the company gain strength that enabled its partaking in a series of acquisitions and mergers that were carefully chosen. The growth was so immense that the company took its op erations internationally just after the turn if the new millennium with expansion into Canada in 2002 and the United Kingdom in 2004. However, the exploitation of mainland Europe is yet to occur with the company planning to do this in its next phase of expansion. It is common knowledge that the values held by Americans and Europeans differ greatly. Even the English is spoken in the two countries differs. As such, the approach used to explore the mainland Europe market needs to take into account the nuances arising from the social-cultural differences outlined below. The first nuance has to do with language. The American English is filled with idioms and expressions as well as structures that are not common in the European scene. Although English is the most widely used spoken language in the business world, it has a standard known as â€Å"international English†. This means that the market exploitation needs to adopt a language that will need rephrasing to avoid misunderstand ings. Then there is the issue that not all European nations understand English. As such, depending on the nation that the company is seeking to expand into, it is necessary to have interpreters for the smooth running of operations.

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International Economics - Essay Example vements of goods and services from one country to another, globalization has made a revolutionary changes in the market especially when it comes with issues related to the burgeoisie or the employer and the proletariat which pertained to employees (Steger, 2003, p. 37). As a result of changing the traditional way of conducting business and employment under the era of globaliztion, the culture and traditions, social, and economic condition within a society changes. There is a positive and negative impact associated with globalization. The positive impact includes the fact that globalization open a lot of new business or employment opportunities to people living in developing countries. However, people who live in developed countries will also suffer from the consequences of transferring some of the available jobs to low-paid competitive individuals who are working in developing countries. Specifically the shift from a pure national economy towards a more globalized economy is possible through continuous global trade, outsourcing of goods and services, foreign direct investment, the use of information and communication technology, migration, and the international capital flows (Friedman, 2008, p. 49; Bhagwati, 2004). For this reason, Lopez (2000) stated that the â€Å"economic power of a country is no longer strongly associated with political power†. In relation to globalization, this study will discuss the main purpose of establishing the world trade organization and GATT. As part of going through the main discussion, the current and most recent trade negotiations at the world trade organization will be identified followed by assessing its economic benefit as a result of a successful conclusion. In line with this, the economic importance of encouraging fair price competition in the market, strategic ways on how the implementation of GATT rules were able to encourage fair price competition will be tackled in details. Globalization is â€Å"a process of interaction and

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Human Euthanasia is Unethical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Euthanasia is Unethical - Essay Example All of them are for the protection of life. In the world of medicine, the World Medical Association (WMA, 2002) made its point well on euthanasia. The policy adopted by the 38th WMA Assembly, in Madrid, Spain, October 1987, states: "Euthanasia, that is the act of deliberately ending the life of a patient, even at the patient's own request or at the request of close relatives, is unethical. This does not prevent the physician from respecting the desire of a patient to allow the natural process of death to follow its course in the terminal phase of sickness." "Physicians-assisted suicide, like euthanasia, is unethical and must be condemned by the medical profession. Where the assistance of the physician is intentionally and deliberately directed at enabling an individual to end his or her own life, the physician acts unethically. However the right to decline medical treatment is a basic right of the patient and the physician does not act unethically even if respecting such a wish results in the death of the patient." As one of the most contentious issues of our time, "euthanasia" (herein clarified as human) is understood as "good death." According to Bamgbose (2004), there are many angles in looking at this issue as euthanasia has been deliberated in a many-sided debate from different groups. On one side are the medical practitioners ready to assist with their expertise; on another are the legal practitioners who interpret the law; on still another are those in the judicial arm of government who have to make authoritative decisions. There are yet the two groups where on one side are the terminally ill who look for assistance to die with dignity, and then on the other side are the family members much tormented with anguish. My position. The debate on euthanasia is on whether a person may decide to have his or her life terminated for his or her own benefit (Bamgbose, 2004). The burden appears to lie on the one who has a life to reckon with. Does a person own his own life such that he can decide how long he should live or notAs defined by euthanasia.com (http://www.euthanasia.com/index.html), euthanasia is the intentional killing by act or omission of a dependent human being for his or her alleged benefit. Accordingly, the key word here is "intentional" so that if death is not intended, it is not an act of euthanasia. Voluntary euthanasia therefore refers to when the person who is killed has requested to be killed. Accordingly, there is no euthanasia unless the death is intentionally caused by what was done or not done (Website: euthanasia.com). Zeroing in on this angle, this paper takes on the position that a person's decision to terminate his or her life is unethical. In other words, the WMA's belief that euthanasia is unethical is well taken. Euthanasia or good death or mercy killing may take on other meanings like suicide or physician-assisted suicide (PAS) depending on the circumstance. All of them, however, amount to euthanasia. For either argument for and against euthanasia, this paper will endeavor to counter or concur with the contentions accordingly The word euthanasia originated from an amalgam of two Greek words: eu

Case Study 2 -part 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Case Study 2 -part 2 - Essay Example The average for the machine type one is the highest at 639.093 parts per minute with the highest standard deviation at 60.481, meaning that it also has the highest variability in machine production. Machine type two on the other hand has the lowest average rate at 120.765 ppm and the lowest standard deviation at 13.73011 attributing to its lower variability in machine production per minute. Machine type three has an average of 156.48 in the sample, a close rate in the production rate of 155 ppm as noted earlier. On the production per day sampling, machine type 2 had an average of 120.765 ppm, while its official rating is 200 ppm. Having the number of observation, the production levels, and the time period worked by each machine type as one block of independent variables, and the machine type as the dependent variable, the p-value of the summary table shown above, that t-statistic is negative for observation and time period worked by the machine, but 0.558 for observation. This indicates that the level of significance is favorable for obtaining the observed results when the null hypothesis is true. As shown by table 4 above, we shall reject the null hypothesis which states that machine type 1= 700, as accept the alternative hypothesis which states that machine type one is not equal to 700. This is because the calculated value of p= 0.0000002 is less than p value=0.05. For the machine type 2, the value of calculated p is close to zero which means that we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis which states that Machine type 2 (rated 200 ppm) not equal to 200. While for the case of machine type 3 (rated 155 ppm) the value of calculated P=0.8258 which is greater than p=0.05 this prompt us not to reject null hypothesis and conclude that Machine type

Ethical prinicles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical prinicles - Essay Example â€Å"The principles of emergency management must be a part of the EOP design and include a comprehensive plan for tackling all potential and actual hazards† (Smeltzer et al., 2009, p. 1314). In light of the Patient’s Bill of Rights proposed by the American Hospital Association, hospitals assume a lot of responsibilities towards the patients that include the patients’ education, and respect along with health. The patient has the right to make decisions about the plan of care prior to and during the course of treatment and to refuse a recommended treatment or plan of care to the extent permitted by law and hospital policy and to be informed of the medical consequences of this action. (AHA, 1992). What to talk of asking the patient’s opinion or decision regarding the plan of care the hospital staff had formulated for him, the patient in the video was not even informed of it. By not consulting the patient for his consent upon the treatment and not educating h im upon the potential consequences of it, the hospital staff violated the principle of healthcare ethics.

Crisis Intervention Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Crisis Intervention - Term Paper Example Researchers indicated that this brought more problems than it was intended. For instance, most became homeless, some were victimized in relation to crime among others. One possible way that has been deemed to help solve the problem is through crisis intervention centers. The proposed study seeks to examine the use of crisis intervention as a deterrent to admission in the state hospital system in order to deliver services in a more cost effective manner to a larger number of people. A quantitative research method is adopted. Data will be collected through questionnaires. The selected sample will be from a population suffering from mental disorders and it will be divided into two groups. Informed consent will be sort after before participants take art I the study. Data will be analyzed using SPSS software. ANOVA with repeated measures will be used in place of standard ANOVA because all individuals in the sample have been measured in two different conditions. One of the most important things done by medical professionals is to help patients get back their initial health status or maintaining a status that is stable. However, there are cases where patients are readmitted to healthcare facilities. Research has shown that this is a very costly venture that continues to not only to the government budget but also individual savings ad income. Mental health is a public health issue and the largest single source of burden of disease in the United Staes of America. To support this fact, research has shown that one in seventeen Americans, which translates to 6.0% of the population suffer from mental illness. Similarly, in any given year, one out of four Americans are diagnosed with a mental illness disorder. This translates to approximately 58 million people. In America, chronically mentally ill individuals not able to function independently have traditionally been cared for in state run psychiatric institutions (Talbott, 2004). This method of

Policing Culture Paper Essay Example for Free

Policing Culture Paper Essay Throughout history the role of women and racial and ethnic minorities has been restrained. This causes the inability to move up in ranking and limiting the ability to perform in certain jobs. Being a woman or having a different racial background can also cause stereotypes. For example, a Hispanic officer may be given a Hispanic area to patrol, due to his background. The need for minorities and women in law enforcement is undoubtedly true. The culture, and gender diversity in police departments is not only helpful in today’s police departments, but it is a necessity. The larger police departments such as Detroit City police could not be a successful department without ethnic minorities, and women. One example of the need for women in the department would be that on a routine stop if there were a female that is suspected of a crime, or suspected to be in the possession of drugs she needs to be searched. A long time ago a male officer would simply search the woman, and arrest her if need be, or send her on her way. With all of the sexual harassment accusations against male police officers during the frisking it is easier on the department, as well as the women being frisked just to have a female officer do the task to avoid accusations, or even the loss of a case. Cities in the United states especially the large cities like Los Angeles, Chicago, New York, Miami, or Detroit is extremely ethnically diverse. This is where ethnic police officers are needed. If there was a call that police officers responded to there is a possibility that the person who is being interviewed at the scene would only want to talk with an ethnic police officer this will not only calm down the person being interviewed, but it will be a more effective interview. These are just a few examples of why women and ethnic minorities are a necessity to today’s police forces. That is also why men and women of today’s police forces are equal. Inside every police force is a manual that dictates guidelines for the officers to follow in times of question. This manual is usually known as the Policy and Procedures manual or PP. These  mechanisms give officers clear guidelines on how to proceed with certain situations. These policies can only go so far in any department though. As each officer is out in his beat working his area, situations will dictate what he has to do in order to maintain his officer safety as well as the safety of the public and citizens of the area he is working. These manuals are given to instill base line knowledge of how an officer should handle himself and what his/her department feels is acceptable on how to handle calls and incidents. Policy is updated monthly if not weekly in order to stay current with case laws in order to keep the officer as sharp as possible to deal with the everyday citizens, jail house lawyers, or crimi nally sophisticated individual who is well versed in dealing with law enforcement. Many experts have entertained the idea of the existence of a police subculture. Some would say that there are challenges and stress factors unique only to the job of policing. A study conducted on a police department by William Westly in Gary, Indiana discovered that two of the key factors leading to the creation of a police subculture were due to nature of the job and the individuals that the officers were most likely to come in contact with on a daily basis. He concluded that the majority of the people that officers came into contact with were those who already held resentment toward law enforcement officers. These interactions helped foster a police subculture, which emphasized violence, secrecy, and solidarity. Being a police officer can be very stressful. The demands of the job and the lack of control over workload can have a negative impact both physically and mentally. Personal relationships also suffer and the divorce rate is as high as 30 percent in some police departments. Police officers also have one of the highest suicide rates in the nation. It is apparent that police work is stressful. So what is the source of officer stress? Although many of the duties and responsibilities related to police work can create high levels of stress, there is not one single stressor that cannot be found in other occupations. The reality is that working in law enforcement can take a toll on an individual’s personal life. The challenge is trying to find a balance in order to alleviate these problems so that it does not affect the officer in the performance of their duties.

Causes and Effects of Heart Failure

Causes and Effects of Heart Failure Elizabeth Makouta K. Assessment 2 Definition of Heart Failure: This is usually a progressive condition that reflects weakening of the heart by coronary atherosclerosis meaning the coronary vessels is build up with fatty clogging (Marieb 2012 p369) The body systems affected are: Kidney, Heart, Lungs, and Digestive System. Kidney’s function: is to eliminate nitrogen –containing e wastes, toxins, and drug from the body. Kidney also produce an enzyme ‘’renin’’ which help regulate blood pressure, and their hormone erythropoietin which stimulate red blood cell production in bone marrow (Marieb 2012 p. 512) Heart’s function: Is a muscular organ that pumps blood to all the tissues in the body through blood vessels, ‘weight less than a pound with the size of a person’s fist and a shape like cone-shaped’ (p 357).’’The right side pumps blood through the lungs where oxygen is picks up and carbon dioxide is unloaded. The left side of the heart receives blood containing oxygen and pump it to the rest of the body’’ (Marieb 2012 p 360). Lungs Function: Human body contain two lungs. ‘Lungs are large organs that occupy thoracic cavity except the heart in the central area. The left lung has two robes and the right lung has three robes’ (Marieb 2012 p.441). The lungs bring in oxygen to the body which is the air that we breathed for energy and remove carbon dioxide from the body which is the gas that comes out as waste products (American Thoracic Society 2014). . Digestive System: Digestive system starts from the mouth and ends up in the anus. The function of digestive system is to break down foods in to a simplest form for the absorption of the body as nourishment for cells and energy for the body usage (Marieb 2012 p.464). Signs and Symptoms Shortness of breath (dyspnoea) Fatigue and weakness Swelling (oedema) in your legs, ankles and feet Rapid or irregular heartbeat Reduced ability to exercise Persistent cough or wheezing (Nocturia) increased need to urinate at night Heart Pumps Faster Swelling of your abdomen (ascites) Sudden weight gain Lack of appetite and nausea Difficulty concentrating or decreased alertness Heart Grows Larger Elevated blood pressure Chest pain, if your heart failure is caused by a heart attack (Mayo Clinic 2014) Shortness of Breath: meaning there is not enough air getting into the body system why because of lack of oxygen as the heart is not able to pump enough blood (Mayo Clinic 2014 Fatigue and weakness: As the heart failed or become weak other parts of the body are affected including legs and arms making difficult do walk or climb the stairs because there is not sufficient blood getting to the legs and arms (University of California San Francisco 2014) Swelling: For kidney to function very well it needs its normal blood supply. Renin restores normal blood pressure and increase filtration of water and salt for filtration process to be normal (Marieb 2012 p. 512). But when blood flow to the kidney is limited then renin will also retain salt and water which will leads to fluid build-up in the body (feet, ankles and legs), (University of California San Francisco 2014) Rapid or irregular heartbeat: meaning fast or abnormal heartbeat. This happen because blood supply is insufficient, therefore, the heart will work harder to meet the body requirement (University of California San Francisco 2014) Reduced ability to exercise: Because the body feels tired especially the legs and arms as a result of less blood supply to these areas which mean oxygen level in the body is low, you will be less likely to complete the daily activates normally (University of California San Francisco 2014) Persistent cough or wheezing: Is a noisy sound particularly when you breathe in air and out of the lungs (inhalation and exhalation) as a result of fluid build-up in the lugs (Dr. James Krider 2005). Nocturia: Is increased need to urinate at night, as a result of infection of the bladder, kidney or diabetes. In the case of Mr Alby Wright, he is type two diabetes meaning bladder’s ability to hold urine has decrease which leads to more urination at night (Better Medicine 20140) Heart Pumps Faster: Our body needs blood to function very. Due to this, the heart will work harder than normal to circulate blood throughout the body in other to meet the body requirement (University of California San Francisco 2014) Swelling of your abdomen: Swelling of the abdomen occurs as a result of the fluid build-up in the lungs and organs. Due to the weakness of the heart which means the heart is unable to pump blood very well (Sterns 20140). Sudden weight gain: Swelling or puffiness of the skin will make it look stretched and shiny as a result of unwanted fluid in the tissues and organs (Sterns 20140). Lack of appetite and nausea: When you don’t have the desire to eat food as a result of the liver and digestive system become blocked because there is less blood supply to these organs you will full (University of California San Francisco 2014) Difficulty concentrating or decreased alertness: meaning you may start to forget things or confuse because of less circulation to the brain. Without enough blood, the brain cannot function well (British Columbia 2012) Heart Grows Larger: The muscles of the heart become more and more lager due to the force in order to pump blood. The four chambers of the heart also enlarge to be able to hold large volume of blood (University of California San Francisco 2014). Elevated blood pressure: Is the meaning or word use to describe hypertension: thus the heart has to work harder to pump blood around the body. This happened as the result of cardiac enlargement or heart failure (Tabbner’s 5e p 273) Chest Pain: Meaning the heart is deprives from getting enough blood. This occurs due to â€Å"blockage or constricted coronary blood vessel† (Tabbner’s 5e p 669) Information taking on his admission: Pulse 124 SaO2: 87% on room air Respiration 32 Blood Pressure 90/40 (Q5) Yes: There is too much glucose (sugar) in his blood which is not getting into the cells of the body. Diabetes lead to nerve damage and poor circulation, looking at his admission form his blood pressure is low, oxygen saturation is also low as a result of asthma and hypotensive and congestive cardiac failure which means blood is not circulating well through the body system. This indication of slow wound healing to extend where his toe was amputated. (Q6): What is the action of laxis: This drug is (Diuretic) use to treat acute pulmonary oedema (Kluwer, Williams Wilkins 2008, p. 647) Which body system is affected? Kidney: because the medicine draws water from the blood as urine. Also affect the heart as the fluid is draw out of the blood the pressure also decreases (Netdoctor 2013) Why he is taking this medication: To clear excessive accumulation of fluid in his body and help he urinates. Three conditions: Glaucoma Arthritis Type 2 Diabetes Question 8: Factors that will impact on Mr Wright’s safety: Hospital: allergy, glaucoma risk for fall, leg ulcer for risk infection, Home: Diabetes careful for blood glucose level, low blood pressure, Leg ulcer risk for infection, confusion forget to take his medication, frail skin easy to get skin tear and mobility is not good because he is walking with stick, mental stage he could wounder around and forget where he is. Question 9: Other health professional: Podiatrist will be able to look at his amputated toes to provide him with best treatment including his arthritis. Dieticians: will provide information to Mr Wright’s regarding nutrition on what is good and what is bad for his health. Mental health professional: will help provide support for Mr Wright to reduce his level of anxiety. Diabetes Educator: To educate him on diabetes and how well he should eat. Physiologist: Will help him with exercise program to treat any pain that he might have including arthritis, and difficulty walking (Better Health Channel 2014) Question 10: Neurovascular Assessment Medication Chart Diabetes Assessment Fluid Balance Chart Bowel Chart Care Plan Skin Assessment Wound Care Plane Patient Positioning Chart Dressing Regime (Wound) (TAFE SA Flow Charts Book) References: Funnel, Koutoukidis and Lawrence, Tabbner Nursing care 5th edn, Function of the Kidney, Melbourne Funnel, Koutoukidis and Lawrence, Tabbner Nursing care 5th edn, Definition of Heart Failure, Melbourne American Thoracic Society 2014, Anatomy and Function of the Normal Lungs, viewed 15 March 2014 http://www.thoracic.org/clinical/copd-guidelines/for-patients/anatomy-and-function-of-the-normal-lung.php Mayo Clinic 2014, Diseases and Condition of Heart Failure, viewed 15 March 2014, http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-failure/basics/definition/con-20029801 Mayo clinic 2014, Shortness of Breath, viewed 16 March 2014, http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/shortness-of-breath/basics/definition/SYM-20050890 UCSF Medical Centre 2014, Heart Failure Signs and Symptoms, viewed 16 March 2024, http://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/heart_failure/signs_and_symptoms.html Dr. James Krider, Wheezing, viewed 16 Mach 2014, http://www.formulamedical.com/Topics/Symptoms/Wheezing.htm Health Grades 2014, Nocturia Causes, viewed 16 March 2014, http://www.localhealth.com/article/nocturia/causes Richard H Sterns 2014, Patient information: Edema (swelling) beyond the basics, viewed 16 March 2014, http://www.uptodate.com/contents/edema-swelling-beyond-the-basics British Columbia 2012, Heart Failure: Less Common Symptoms, viewed 17 March 2014, http://www.healthlinkbc.ca/kb/content/special/tx4083abc.html Funnel, Koutoukidis and Lawrence, Tabbner Nursing care 5th edn, Chest pain, Melbourne Kluwer, LW Wilkins 2008, Nursing and Midwifery Drug handbook, Diuretic 4th edn Netdoctor 2013, Laxis, viewed 17 March 2014, http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/heart-and-blood/medicines/lasix.html Better Health Channel 2014, Physiotherapist, viewed 17 March 2014, http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Physiotherapy

Inception, 2010 Film Analysis

Inception, 2010 Film Analysis Released in 2010, Inception in an American science fiction movie. Written, directed and produced by Christopher Nolan, the movie is a block buster. Star cast of the movie includes Leonardo Di Caprio, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Marion Cotillard, Cillian Murphy, Michael Caine, Tom Hardy, Tom Berenger, Ken Watanabe and Ellen Page. DiCaprio plays the major role of Dom Cobb, a con having the ability to get inside the dreams of the victims mind and extract information from their subconscious mind. Although after the death of his wife Mal Cobb had decided to no longer perform the acts of inception but when he is offered with the opportunity to go back to his old life in exchange of one last job he decides to go for it as if he is successful he will be able to see his children (Eisenberg, 2010). Analysis of Inceptions Media Content: Character and Their Roles: Leonardo DiCaprio plays Dom Cobb, a con who carries the ability of extracting secrets from peoples minds while they are dreaming. Cobb hires Arthur, Ariadne, Eames, Saito, and Yusuf to implant an idea in Fischer Jr.s mind (Kit, 2009). Ken Watanabe plays Mr. Saito, a Japanese businessman who employees Cobb to implant an idea on Fischers mind. Joseph Gordon-Levitt plays Arthur, basically Cobs partner (Kit, 2009). Marion Cotillard plays Mal Cobb, Cobbs deceased wife and keeps on visiting his dreams persuading him to stay with her in the dreamland forever (Kit, Three circle Nolans Inception, 2009). Ellen Page as Ariadne, she is a architect and is given the responsibility to construct the location of the dreams. Tom Hardy as Eames, he acts as a shape shifter and takes form of Browning and Fischer Sr. during the mission. Dileep Rao as Yusuf, he is a doctor who formulates sedatives needed to keep somebody in a dream state Cillian Murphy as Robert Michael Fischer, he plays the role of heirloom of Fischer Sr Entire Corporation. Saito hires Cobb to enter Fischer Jr. mind (Rosson, 2010) The Plot: Dom Cobb played by Di Caprio is a highly skilled thief who has the power of entering into peoples subconscious mind while they are dreaming and then steal valuable secrets from them. This ability of Cobb has converted him into a coveted player who is mostly hired by multinationals to steal ideas from their rivals mind. However, due to his ability he lost his wife Mal. He got stuck in her in a limbo for around 50 years and when he finally woke her up from the dream by planting the idea in her minds that your world is not real she has a hard time accepting the reality. She loses value of her children for her it was only her and Cobb she could not find any emotional attachment with her children moreover she believing the dream life was far much better she decides to go back into it by killing herself in a suicide and portraying it like Cobb killed her. She committed suicide believing once she would die she would go back in the dream land and Cobb would eventually follow her. Since Cobb was blamed for the murder he leaving his children behind fled the country (Outlaw, 2010). Taking advantage of his weakness Japanese businessman Mr. Saito hires him but his job is different rather than stealing an idea he wants to place an idea into his rival Robert Fischer Jr.. Fischer Jr. is about to inherent his father empire which is a competitive to Saitos business. Saito wants Cobb to enter Fischers mind and plant the idea in his head that he should break his fathers empire and sell the pieces in the market. Like this Saito will keep on dominating the market while in return he will make arrangements with the U.S. government to wind up Cobbs case letting him enter U.S. and be with his children (Warner Bros Pictures, 2010). The Basic Elements of Inception: Firstly to understand the plot better we need to understand the basic terms of inception which in different phases have been defined by the team selected by Cobbs to help him with this mission. To plant an idea in to the victims head also known as mark the Cobb and others need to go into the a third-level dream i.e. a dream within a dream within a dream. In the initial phases the dreamers can be awaken if they feel they falling also known as the kick. However, in the third level dream defined as the limbo in the movie it is almost impossible to wake up because the dreamer starts believing this is the real world and can live for centuries in it just like Cobb and his wife did. Also, the dreamers have control on the time during inception. (Outlaw, 2010). The Five Levels of the Movie: There are mainly five levels of the movie. In the first level the entire team travels with Fischer Jr. in the plane that takes off from Sydney for L.A. In the plan they sedate Fischer and take his subconscious in to the dream. The level two starts when Yusuf the chemist starts dreaming and Cobb, Arthur, Fischer, Ariadne, Saito and Eames become participants in his dream. Here Eams takes form of Fischers right hand man Browing. He visits Fischer Jr and tells him that he is being tortured by the Inception group to tell them the combination of his fathers safe and they will not stop till they do not see the company dissolving. Like this successfully the first seed is implanted in Fischer Jrs mind that it is dangerous to inherent his fathers business. Fischer Jr however, does not become fully scared he decides to go after the thieves and the entire team is chased in a busy street in a van. During the chase, Satio gets shot in this level, starts bleeding to death and goes into a Limbo. Whi le Arthur starts to dream again and takes everybody to level three in a hotel room where Cobb convinces Fischer Jr. that the inception team is not the enemy in fact it is Browning and other members of his fathers empire who are his enemy and Browning made up the story of being tortured so Fischer Jr. can give it to him easily. To make him believe more Cobb offers to take him into Browning mind where he can see the truth himself. As Fischer Jr. agrees they all fall into sleep and enter Eams dream which is the level four. Since Eams is imposing as Browning Fischer Jr. believes he is visiting Browning mind. The team takes him to the fort to show that his rallies are the real enemy however before they reach it Eams with his army of soldiers bring the fortress down thus proving to Fischer Jr that the Inception team was right. However, this is when Mal appears she is a creation of Cobbs guilt and shoots Fischer Jr who goes into a Limbo (Rosson, 2010). The fifth stage is basically the limbo which is a shared state by everybody. Cobb and Ariadne go into it to find Mal as she is holding both Fischer Jr. and Saito. Mal gives up Fischer Jr. after making Cobb promise that he will stay with her in Limbo forever. Cobb tells Ariadne that she can get out of limbo by killing herself he knows this because him and Mal were also able to leave Limbo by coming in front of a train so Ariadne grabs Fischer and jumps off the building while Cobb convinces Mal that he cannot stay with her because the kids back home need him. He finds Saito who like Mal had started believing that Limbo was the real world for some time Cobb also believed the same but then eventually got out of it and shoots Saito before shooting himself. Once they are shot they wake up in the plane (Rosson, 2010). On the other hand Ariadne and Fischer Jr. go back in to the fourth level Eams dream where Eams takes the shape of Fischer Sr. telling Fisher Jr. that he should sell off the empire to save himself from the same fate as his father. Fischer Jr agrees to do so which brings a successful end to the mission. Arthur who had stayed back in his dream of level three separates the elevator from the shaft and it starts to fall which takes Eams, Ariadne, and Fischer back to Yusufs dream who throws the van in the water which brings Arthur and Yusuf back into reality. Ariadne and Fischer Jr. wake up after the sedation wears off them. Since the mission is successful Saito calls the U.S. authorities and once the plane lands Cobb is able to meet with his children at the airport. However, the end is quite interesting because just before Cobb sees his children he swindles the top. When in a dream the top does not stop spinning but when in reality the top stops but this is where it gets interesting because before he could see if the top stops or not his kids arrives and he rushes to them. This gives viewers the perception that he might still be in a limbo and is getting to see his children in a dream (Outlaw, 2010). Strengths and Weaknesses: The strengths of the movie are numerous almost uncountable. It is good enough to be compared with Matrix. However, when analyzed it is quite different from matrix. Matrix is about learning the truth while this is about creating a lie. The world that Nolan has created is original, sophisticated, entertaining and simply brilliant to look at. I must say it is the best feature of the summer a must watch (Movies Online). Whereas, the weaknesses are concerned there are loopholes in the plot such as no proper distinction between reality and a dream. Every character in the dream is given a totem which will make them identify if they are in reality or a dreamlike for Cobb it his wife spinning top but audience is not given with any totem. The plot is so confusing that audience is often left wondering whether the scene was a reality or a dream. Critical Suggestions to the Director: Nolans past experience shows that he is not so good with female characters. He has handled the women both in Batman Begins and The Dark Knight rather poorly the same typical trend is seen in this movie. The role of Adriane at many places appears to be uncompelling and underdeveloped. She is not as rounded as other male characters of the movie (Movies Online). Also there are places where the movie becomes boring especially in the beginning where Cobb visits Saitos dream and in the last level where Saito and Cobb are talking trying to remember real life it gets really boring if maybe the director could cut the shot a bit it would be much better. Apart from these factors the rest is all good. Although the last scene of the movie has received a lot of criticism because it creates a doubt in the mind of the viewer whether the entire movie is a fantasy or there were certain pieces of reality in it. But what the audience doesnt realize that this is the best part of the movie the end has bas ically added spice to the movie and has given us a reason to discuss it after we leave the theatre or to watch it again to solve the mystery.

The Changes In The Narrators View Of Sonny Essays -- essays research p

The Changes in the Narrator's View of Sonny Can one know another's thoughts? Through dialogue, actions, and events, the thoughts and views of a man of whom we know not even a name are shown. The man is the narrator of "Sonny's Blues" and his thoughts we are shown are those directed towards his brother. Over the course of the story, there are three major stages or phases that the narrator goes through, in which his thoughts about his brother change. We see that those stages of thought vary greatly over the narrator's life, from confusion about his brother to understanding. Each phase brings different views of his own responsibility toward his brother, his brother's manhood, and his brother's sense of reality. Through out the story, three of the narrator's view are changed, the first of which is Sonny's manhood. During the first phase, early in the story, the narrator showed that he viewed Sonny as a child. "I was beginning to realize that I'd never seen him so upset before... [and decided this was] one of those things kids go through and that I shouldn't make it seem important."(49) This quote is an example of how the narrator viewed his brother. He not only thought Sonny acted as a kid, but was also too young to be planning a future or career. "He still wasn't a man yet, he was still a child, and they had to watch out for him in all kinds of ways."(51) The narrator decided that he would plan Sonny's future and when Sonny rebelled, the narrator saw it as yet another childish action. Another way in which the narrator's overall view changed was his view on whether Sonny's idea of reality was sound. Still in the first phase, the narrator often presents his view of reality and when Sonny rejects it, the narrator feels Sonny is being unreasonable. For instance, "'Well Sonny,' I said, gently, "you know people can't always do exactly what they want to do-' 'No I don't think that,' said Sonny, surprising me."(49) Actually, Sonny understood life much more clearly than the narrator, but the narrator did not realize that then. He thought that perhaps Sonny was just too young or too high on drugs to understand what life was about. Finally, the third view changed was the narrator's responsibility towards Sonny. Before the brothers' mother died, the narrator promised he would take it upon himself to take care of Sonny shou... ... finally started caring about Sonny instead of try to care for Sonny. He no longer saw him as just something to be taken care of, he finally began to see him as a brother. He became sensitive to what offended Sonny and took caution to avoid them. He was willing to be interested in what Sonny interested in. Finally, he was willing to sit and listen to Sonny instead of telling him how to run his life. All of these were drastic changes from when their mother had first died and improved the brothers' relationship. Through out the story it is as if the narrator is descending a stair well. Each stage that the narrator goes through is another flight of stairs and each flight of stairs he descends brings him closer to an understanding of Sonny. The narrator descended one flight and it changed his views one way, another flight and his views changed again. During the whole ordeal he can see Sonny, yet his views of Sonny are distorted or blurred. After each stage he believes his new view is the correct one, however it is not until he reaches the ground that he gets a true idea of what Sonny is like. It is then that he brings himself down to Sonny's level and begins seeing Sonny as an equal.

Logic, Imagination and Deduction Essays -- Logic Imagination Deductio

Logic, Imagination and Deduction "Quit your day dreaming" "Mr. Gies, are you still with us?" "Hello!" These are some of the common inquisitions I heard while trying my best to pay attention during elementary school classes. It seems that I had some issues with staying on task. Perhaps it was a problem that I would outgrow, or at least be able to control, but as the years went on by I found that time did not change me. What a break! It turns out that using my imagination has helped me numerous times in solving networking issues, writing code, troubleshooting electronic devices, and designing complex systems. So are critical thinking, logic and deduction, and problem solving learned skills? Or are they simply tied to ones ability to imagine. Although genetics may play a role in the degree to which an individual can imagine; I believe imagination can be a skill that is developed and is directly proportional to ones ability to use logic and deduction when solving complicated problems. So who does all this imagining anyway? Bronowski, in his essay, "The Reach of Imagination", states, "To imagine is the characteristic act, not of the poet’s mind, or the painter’s, or the scientist’s, but of the mind of man" (Bronowski 461). It seems that this act of imagining is for all mankind. You’ve probably heard the phrase "right brained people". These are the artsy, imaginative, creative types that seem to dominate media venues such as TV and radio, and because of this visibility it would be easy to assume that’s where all the creative people hang out. I think that assumption is way off track. Plenty of highly imaginative technical experts are discovering great solutions to all kind of problems. Architects designing buildings to... ...ion is controlled by conditioning and experiences. Life and its experiences have far more to do with ones ability to imagine then the physical makeup of your genes. I do, however, believe that problem-solving correlates directly to one’s ability to imagine. As I write the conclusion to this essay I find my self imagining a multitude of other things. I imagine how the essay will look printed, did I get the point across, and will it be received well. A quick reflection back in time and I hear a voice from the past saying "Mr. Zimmerman, are you with us?", "Mr. Zimmerman, stay on task", and only now can I safely say, "No. I think I’m just going to think for awhile". Imagine that. Works Cited Katherine Anne Ackley, Perspectives on Contemporary Issues Bronowski Jacob, The Reach of Imagination Hoffmann Roald, The Chemist Ridley Matt, The Year of the Genome

Comparing Araby and Genesis Essay -- Comparison Compare Contrast Essay

Parallels between Araby and Genesis  Ã‚   In the Bible, the story of creation occurs in the garden of Eden.   The book of Genesis tells the tale of Adam and Eve, whom God allowed to eat the fruit from any tree in the garden except for that of the central tree of knowledge.   Unfortunately, with the serpent’s deceitful encouragement, Eve enticed Adam to eat from that banned tree.   The fruit opened Adam’s eyes to the reality that he was naked (Gen. 3:7-20).   Interestingly, the second paragraph of â€Å"Araby† alludes to the Genesis account of Eden.   â€Å"The wild garden behind the house contained a central apple tree and a few straggling bushes.†Ã‚   Aside from commenting on the â€Å"eroded† isle of Ireland, Joyce uses this allusion to arrange the entire plot of the story: man trusts woman, woman tricks man, and man realizes his mistake.   â€Å"Araby’s† Eve is the beloved girl who is kept nameless by Joyce, while Adam is the narrator, an adolescent boy who is i nfatuated with the Eve.   Through an examination of the shift in emotions and thoughts of the narrator through a plot filled with trust and betrayal, the reader discovers that a person’s mind distorts reality by creating a fantasy environment.   Without any control over reality and emotion, this illusionary world imprisons the thinker.   In other words, one’s mind self-paralyzes.    According to the narrator, Eve’s character is an innocent and beautiful young woman.   Since the story is written in first-person perspective, all commentary and descriptions in the story are those from the narrator’s perceptions.   Although the only name mentioned by the narrator for her is â€Å"Mangan’s sister† (perhaps after the Irish poet), the girl is obviously the object of the narrator’s affection.   The reader is int... ...me-when our emotionally distorted world is proven false.    By the examination of the shift of emotions and thoughts of the narrator through the plot of trust and betrayal, the reader discovers that a person’s mind distorts reality by creating a fantasy environment.   Without any control over reality and emotion, this illusionary world imprisons the thinker.   The hero narrator, the Adam, is betrayed by woman, the Eve.   Adam’s emotions had distorted his perception; Eve was his only companion, and the loss of her would have been devastating.   Considering his emotions had trapped him, Adam had no option but to follow Eve.   â€Å"Araby† seems to be Joyce’s comment on the Genesis story.   Joyce indicates to the reader that Adam had no choice except to eat the prohibited fruit.   Adam was paralyzed, similar to the narrator in â€Å"Araby† and many other characters of Dubliners.   

Conditioning and Mind Control Essay

An Orange, a Tomato, and Mind Control: A comparison between Anthony Burgess’ A Clockwork Orange; Jonathan Demme’s The Manchurian Candidate; and George Orwell’s 1984 in relation to mind control and human conditioning. Mr. Robinson ENG 4U Nykki Armstrong January 10. 13 The greater the power, the more dangerous the abuse – Edmund Burke Muammar Gaddafi, Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler all have one vital thing in common; these men all had an overwhelming greed for power and control.It was through fear and subtle conditioning that they won their power, and it was at the height of their power that the societies they had oppressed rebelled. Just as Edmund Burke says â€Å"the greater the power the more dangerous the abuse†, it was their abuse of power that led to their demise. This idea of how achieving complete power over society and the individuals therein through conditioning cannot last forever, and will inevitable lead to a rebellion and retaliation is explored by the novels 1984 by George Orwell and A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess, as well Jonathan Demme’s film The Manchurian Candidate.Both A Clockwork Orange and The Manchurian Candidate develop this theme through the use of an unlikely anti-hero (who is also the spokesperson for the authority attempting to gain control), the individual struggle to maintain the most basic control (while the authority counters their every effort), and the juxtaposing symbols (that mirror how society is violating the natural order). In Burgess’ novel the protagonist, Alex, is a typical delinquent; he breaks any and all rules without any concern for the repercussions.Naturally, the reader comes to dislike him. Unexpectedly though, Burgess makes the reader feel Pathos for Alex, as he becomes a test subject for the government’s new Ludovico Technique. In an attempt to rid the streets of teenagers like Alex, they select him – being the worst of them all – to become their spokesman of sorts. The doctors involved in his â€Å"treatment† go to extreme lengths to rid him of any qualities they have deemed unacceptable in a perfect society.The beginnings of their treatment seems to mimic the basis of Skinner’s operant conditioning, although they take things many steps farther than he could, â€Å"Skinner employed punishment in one early experiment and was so disturbed that he never used it again†, whereas the doctors in A Clockwork Orange do anything they feel necessary (Freedman). The doctors turn his every action against him, and cause him seemingly endless mental anguish, eventually conditioning him to conform to essentially anything they decide. The plan of the government backfires as soon as they release him.Once society has seen what the government has done, they vehemently reject the idea. After this, society’s view of Alex changes drastically; he switches from a fearsome troublemaker to a fragile victim: â €Å"Another victim†¦A victim of the modern age† (Burgess 113). This idea of society and the individuals therein rejecting the controversial plans of their government is also prevalent in the film The Manchurian Candidate. In an attempt to gain all the governmental power, Sergeant Raymond Prentiss Shaw has his mind controlled by high authorities.Due to his own ideology, without being under anyone’s control, Sergeant Shaw would be an ideal presidential candidate, but he would be an independent one, â€Å"I believe in freedom†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (The Manchurian Candidate). The people of power in the film believe that in order to achieve a perfect utopia, they must govern everything. When presented with the idea that his thoughts may not be his own, Sergeant Shaw is in disbelief, and thus begins the viewer’s idea of him as a protagonist. Similarly to Alex in A Clockwork Orange he begins an internal struggle to overcome the conditioning and mind control that has been imposed on him.At the end of the film, he successfully overpowers the control that was being held over him, and rebels against it. It is his rebellion that causes the entire plan to fail, thus making him a victimised anti-hero in the same sense as Alex. Contrastingly to both Alex and Sergeant Shaw, the protagonist in Orwell’s 1984 does not become a hero at all. While he does struggle to gain power and the most basic control over his life, Winston does not succeed. Rather than being the force to overthrow the corrupt and suppressive society in which he ives, he becomes yet another powerless victim. In this sense, he mirrors both Alex and Sergeant Shaw; they are all powerless against their oppressors. The key flaw in the strategies of the government in both A Clockwork Orange and The Manchurian Candidate is that they explicitly tried to condition their subjects using physical and intimidation processes. The reason that Big Brother in 1984 was so successful in oppressing nearly everyone is that they did their controlling more implicitly through â€Å"reality control†, and by coercing the citizens to condition themselves.They began using a Hitler-like control method – turning everyone against each other to guarantee that no one will help anyone. The society in 1984 is a mob mentality; everyone is so caught up in the moment that they do not dare counter the group, â€Å"Of course he chanted with the rest [during the two minutes hate]: it was impossible to do otherwise†¦ to do what everyone else was doing, was an instinctive reaction† (Orwell 19). It is through the events that victimised him that Sergeant Raymond Shaw begins to understand his own thoughts and his unclear past.Once he begins to question specific aspects of his life – such as the events that occurred while he was at war – he is able to discover what is really going on. In order for him to be controlled, a specific line must be recited. When Sergeant Shaw is aware of how his mind is being controlled, he is able to attempt to fight it. This is depicting his mental struggle to maintain control over himself. At one point, Rosie, a woman affiliated with Sergeant Shaw’s platoon-mate says â€Å"Maybe I was feeling fragile at the time† (The Manchurian Candidate).This line encapsulates the underlying theme throughout the entire movie – the fragility of the human psyche, especially when one is out of control of themselves. It is Sergeant Shaw’s battle to overcome this fragility that leads to his eventual rebellion. This fragility is mimicked by Alex in Burgess’ novel, through Alex’s reaction his life and his struggle to maintain his personality while undergoing the Ludovico Treatment. Alex views himself as a leader, and therefore he must conserve that powerful role in his gang to continue to have his sense of self.When that power is threatened by George, Alex’s preservation instinct is triggere d and he physically fights to regain the order that had previously been established; â€Å"Now we’re back to where we were, yes? † (Burgess 42). This struggle to cope with a change of power is also seen during his stay in the Ludovico Treatment center when he realizes he has been conditioned, â€Å"‘You are being made sane, you are being made healthy’ ‘That I will not have†¦nor can I understand at all’† (Burgess 81). When all power has been taken by the higher authority, Alex has been â€Å"turned into something other than a human being† (Burgess 115).This sense of dehumanising a person coincides with the theme of countering the natural order to gain ultimate power shown through the symbols used in Burgess’ novel. One of the key symbols is that of the clockwork orange. Creating a clockwork orange is to completely destroy all that is natural about it, thus ruining it, in an effort to create something controllable and m echanised. Bruce Olsen states in his analysis of the novel that â€Å"a clockwork orange applies to the conditioned Alex as well: Though he appears natural from the outside, he is thoroughly unnatural within†.This statement becomes a theme in both the novel and the movie The Manchurian Candidate. Another symbol is Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony which is a peaceful song, and for Alex, the only way to feel appropriate emotions. During the Ludovico Treatment, the song is used against him in order to condition him – again, taking something beloved and natural and making it evil, â€Å"Using Ludwig like that†¦ and I was really sick† (Burgess 85). Another reoccurring symbol is that of water. Water is typically associated with renewal and life, which is how it is portrayed in Burgess’ novel.Alex imagines his body â€Å"being like emptied of as it might be dirty water and then filled up again with clean†, symbolizing his new start after his rebelli on against his oppressors (Burgess 127). Another piece of literature in which water is used to wash away sins and aid in the renewal process is Shakespeare’s â€Å"Macbeth†. The main instance in which the symbol of water is used for cleansing the spiritual body is when Lady Macbeth is attempting to wash the blood from her hands in her sleep. Like Alex, she realizes it makes her impure and yearns for an opportunity to remove it from her body and mind.Water is also a prevalent symbol in The Manchurian Candidate. Unlike in A Clockwork Orange the water in the film is juxtaposing its typical meaning. In the film, Sergeant Shaw kills his competitor in the lake. Clearly, murder is unnatural and for Sergeant Shaw, as is the case for most people, it is unthinkable. Unthinkable that is, until the authority controlling him tells him otherwise. This illustrates the complete control held over him by whoever is dictating his actions, leaving him with â€Å"no power of choice any lo nger† (Burgess 115).Coinciding with the clockwork orange motif in Burgess’ novel, there is a tomato motif in Demme’s film. Likewise to an orange, a tomato is natural. In the film, it is used for testing to reconfigure genetics and implantation of memories. The government plans on taking something natural, and using it for their own awful needs in their quest for ultimate power. Finally, though it is natural to want basic control and power over oneself, violating another individual or society’s right to that same control will have dire consequences.As seen through Burgess’ A Clockwork Orange, Demme’s The Manchurian Candidate, and Orwell’s 1984, oppression and gross abuses of power will ultimately lead to the destruction of said power and the rebellion of the oppressed. Referencing what Edmund Burke is quoted as saying above, any large amount of power will eventually cause greed and destruction. Burgess and Demme use the archetypal anti- hero, the internal conflict within that hero, and the reoccurring symbols to explore that theme of the destruction caused by misused power, whereas Orwell offers the alternative – succumbing to the power, and accepting a total loss of control.Works Cited Burgess, Anthony. A Clockwork Orange. London: Penguin Books, 1972. Print. Orwell, George. 1984. London: Penguin Books, 1987. Print. Demme, Jonathan, dir. The Manchurian Candidate. 2004. Paramount Pictures. DVD-ROM. Olsen, Bruce. â€Å"A Clockwork Orange. †Ã‚  Masterplots, Fourth Edition  (2010). Journal. Freedman, David H. â€Å"The Perfected Self. †Ã‚  Atlantic Monthly  June 2012: 42-52. Literary Reference Center. Web. 9 Jan. 2013. .

Architecture Of The 20th Century Architecture Essay

While discoursing the topic of architecture of the twentieth century, the treatment is uncomplete without a particular reference of Robert Venturi. The adult male started his life in Philadelphia on 25th June, 1925 he went on to go one of the most prevailing names in American architecture. The information on Venturi includes a particular reference of his married woman Denise Scott Brown. 1960 was the twelvemonth they foremost meet, got married in 1967 they have ever been together of all time since. This hubby and married woman squad did singular work in the part of architecture, establishing themselves with their joint venture better recognized as Venturi, Scott Brown & A ; Associates ( VSBA ) . â€Å" Architecture steeped in popular symbolism. Kitsch had become art in designs which exaggerate or stylise cultural icons. † [ 1 ] Some of the most of import design schemes adopted by Brown were ‘theory is non the regulation of pollex ‘ , ‘learn to copy ‘ , ‘drawing-a must hold ‘ , ‘ideation is changeless ‘ etc. Harmonizing to Robert and Denise, theory is non the regulation of pollex. While most designers glued to theory when it comes to be aftering designs, Robert Venturi and Denise Scotte Brown thought the opposite manner. Harmonizing to them plan procedure should non be dominated by the theory. This was despite the fact that both of them were good known theorists. Venturi even went on to state that â€Å" the creative person is non person who designs in order to turn out his or her theory and surely non to accommodate an political orientation † [ 2 ] While most of the designers followed the doctrine of non copying, Venturi and Brown had a different point of position here excessively. They believed that they could larn more by copying the plants of the Masterss. As Venturi right puts Forth, â€Å" It is better to be good than to be original. † [ 3 ] But, this in no manner meant a complete imitation. To this, Denise Scott Brown makes it clear that they copy ideology that they copy political orientations. The couple merely took copying to the extent of pulling inspiration. Their inspiration was a base to develop farther designs. Venturi says, â€Å" You have to hold something basic that you either construct on or germinate from or revolt against. You have to hold something at that place in the first topographic point and the lone manner to acquire it is to copy, in a good sense of the word. â€Å" [ 3 ] One, of co urse, needs to possess certain accomplishments to go forth a grade the field of architecture. Harmonizing to Robert and Denise, pulling was the most indispensable 1. Mentioning to the accomplishment as a installation between manus and head, Denise Scott Brown besides said that it was indispensable for interior decorators to get the hang pulling in order to win. She believed that it frequently happened that the manus draws something, which the head interprets in a different manner and you draw a whole new thought from it. In an epoch where everyone thought that script has a small significance as everything can be done utilizing specially designed package, the couple has its statements ready. â€Å" Peoples who can pull really good and who control line weight good in manus technique are the 1s who use the computing machine imaginatively, † [ 4 ] they asserted. Who says that you need to sit down in a board room to imagine? Well, non Venturi at least. In his sentiment ideation can non be bound by topographic point or clip ; he believed that one could imagine anytime and anyplace, even while speaking. Venturi alleged â€Å" that even while speaking one all of a sudden sees something else out of the corner of their oculus and they think of something they would n't hold done otherwise. He besides opined that you ideate more while working on other undertakings and averred the thought merely comes after great battle and torment. â€Å" [ 5 ] Some of the of import edifices built by the couple are – The Vanna Venturi House, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1962, Brant House in Greenwich, Connecticut in 1973, Gordon Wu Hall in Princeton, New Jersey in 1983, Bank edifice in Celebration in Florida in 1994 and many more. Since mid 1960s Robert and Denise greatly altered the landscape of the American Architectural thought their procedures and patterns with their design schemes. Robert Venturi ‘s book ‘Complexity and Contradiction in ArchitectureA became a uniting point for budding designers around the Earth who had become misanthropic with the stylistic limitations of the International Style as a consequence of which the book provided a pronunciamento for the Post-Modern motion in architecture. Followed by this out of his instructions at Yale came his 1972 bookA Learning from Las Vegas which was A co-authored by Steven Izenour and Denise Scott Brown. The architectural universe was one time once more astonished by this work. The the gaudy and the sign-filled Vegas strip was transformed from being an architectural aberrance to a common art signifier which deserve serious survey. Venturi felt that the Decorated Shed and assorted other types of wayside edifices offered design lessons that coul d non be left accompanied, an † he argued that designers require to confront the world and typify the popularly built environment with edifices matching to that environment. â€Å" [ 6 ] â€Å" KitschA is reflected as a signifier of art that is deficient and is a tastelessA transcript of an a complementary manner of art or is a nugatory reproduction of art of recognized value. â€Å" [ 7 ] A The deliberate usage of elements that may be considered asA cultural icons is what this construct is related to â€Å" KitschA can besides be defined as the genres of art that aesthetically lack whether or non being theatrical, sentimental, glamourous, or originative and that make originative gestures which merely reflect the superficial visual aspects of art by agencies of perennial conventions and expression. This term is frequently associated with excessiveA mawkishness. † [ 8 ] The outgrowth ofA postmodernismA in the 1980s, blurred the boundary lines between kitsch and high art yet once more. The blessing of what is called campA gustatory sensation – which may be related to, but is non the same as cantonment when used as a homosexual esthesia was one development. An unreal or an false illustration from the universe of painting would be a kitsch image of a cervid by a lake. In doing cantonment, puffing a mark beside it, stating No Swimming. The olympian or romantic perceptual experience of a baronial animate being would be punctured by wit ; the construct of an carnal having a a punishment for the breach of the regulation is out justly farcical. The aboriginal, brooding mawkishness of the motive is neutralized, and therefore, it becomes cantonment. A few things that posed as interesting challenges were the conceptual artA and deconstruction, because, speaking of kitsch, in favor of elements that enter it by associating to other domains of life they downplayed the formal construction of the graphics. Inspite of this fact, many in the art universe continue to latch onto some sense of the duality between art and kitsch, excepting all sentimental andA realisticA art from being considered earnestly. This has come under the scanner of the critics, who now argue for a renewed art and nonliteral picture, without the concern for it looking advanced or new. Whatever may be the scenario, there is trouble in specifying boundaries between kitsch and all right art since the beginning of postmodernism, the word kitsch is normally used to label anything seen as being in hapless gustatory sensation still. This postmodern architecture influenced by Venturi was further prejudiced by many designers like Philip Johnson and Robert A.M Stern. When speaking about American architecture, there is no manner one can lose out on Philip Johnson. One of the most noteworthy and celebrated American designers, he was the victor of the first ‘Pritzker Architecture Prize ‘ . For set uping the Department of Architecture and Design at the Museum of Modern Art, New York is credited to him. Philip was born in 1906 in Cleveland. He played a critical function in making and understanding the urban skyscrapers through America. Johnson was an advocator of simple manner and therefore he played a important function in beef uping the minimalist tendency. The work of assorted modern designers, including Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier was comprehensively supported by Johnson. He was a co-author of the popular book, ‘The International Style ‘ . The techniques of the Bauhaus were introduced to America by this book. By the clip Johnson reached the age of thirtiess he was discontented with his function of an writer and conservator. So he studied under the designer Marcel Breuer at The Graduate School of Design. Johnson designed his ain place in New Canaan, Connecticut shortly after his graduation. His first architectural work, his house is considered one of his most singular plants. The house was a glass house and featured an exposed steel frame. Johnson continued with his architectural pursuit and went on to plan legion public edifices and houses after his ain house. Johnson designed some of his well-known plants, notably the Seagram Building in New York City during this clip. Johnson had a more divine than individualistic stretch with architecture ab initio. His initial work carried a strong bear grade of Mies van der Rohe. However, an individualistic touch could be seen in his work by 1960 ‘s. Infused with historical elements, his manner of architecture showcased how one could aesthetically integrate domes and colonnades in a edifice. He created some of his most monumental plants of his life merely after he discovered his individualistic architectural sense. Some of these include the Sheldon Art Gallery at the University of Nebraska, the New York State Pavilion at the World ‘s Fair and the New York State Theater in New York City. By the 1970s and 1980s, he began experimenting with the texture and colour of the outside of his creative activities at big though he was still stuck with his original manner of architecture. Today in his 1890ss, Johnson is considered as one of the last modern designers that we have. With a tally of about 70 old ages in the field of architecture, he has certainly carved his niche and will go on to animate many designers in the times to come. Another popular name in American architecture is of Robert Arthur Morton Stern, besides known as Robert A.M. Stern. He is an American designer and soon the Dean of Yale University School of Architecture. His work is normally described as postmodern. However, a ruling accent on continuity of tradition in his work is witnessed which can non be ruled out. No admiration, he late used the phrase ‘modern diehard ‘ to depict his work. As a interior decorator in the office of Richard Meier he started his calling in 1966. But he shortly quit from his occupation and established his ain house, ‘Stern and Hagmann ‘ in 1969. He formed the house with a fellow pupil at the Yale University named John S. Hagmann. This was followed by the constitution of the replacement house, ‘Robert A.M. Stern Architects ‘ , a name still really popular in American architecture. He has a wide portfolio to his recognition when speaking about his work. Some of his more noteworthy undertakings in the public sphere include Lakewood Public Library in Lakewood, Ohio, the chief library in Columbus, Federal Reserve Bank in Atlanta and many more. Stern was besides a noteworthy writer apart from being a successful designer. He has authored New York 1880, New York 1960, and New York 2000- a series that paperss the development and history of the architecture of New York City. This postmodern architecture has his roots deep in the past, as is apparent from his work. His edifices showcase a deep fondness for the yesteryear. His most noteworthy undertaking with The Walt Disney Company reiterates the same. He served the company in the place of Board of Director for the term of office 1992-2003. His boardwalk at Disney World is implicative of an American seaboard small town from the early twentieth century. You will be reminded of how architecture has evolved from Victorian to the Vienna Secessionist motion while you have a expression at his edifices. The mini small town beautified with artefacts from assorted epochs, though non precisely historical, comes across as a dream like walk. And non to bury the Beach nine, that reflects the nineteenth century American Resort architecture in its true signifier. With a immense pool of work and a design doctrine that combined the best of modernism and tradition, Stern is surely non a name to be forgotten in the architectural kingdom. Though his wide skyline of work is a effort in itself, he has several other accomplishments to his recognition every bit good. A Driehaus Prize laureate, he went on to win several awards. In the twelvemonth 1984, he was awarded with the AIA New York Chapter ‘s Medal of Honor. He was besides conferred the Chapter ‘s President ‘s Award in 2001.A He besides has to his recognition the Scully Prize from the National Building Museum, Athena Award from the Congress for the New Urbanism and the Board of Directors ‘ Honor from the Institute of Classical Architecture and Classical America. â€Å" Since long and even now Philip ‘s designs in PoMo manner reveal a decent to the degree of kitsch that appears lest cantonment in its motive than merely and unmitigately inexpensive in its consequence † [ 9 ] . In the aesthetic plan of Robert Venturi kitsch and the country of mundane civilization was used. But at the same clip in his artistic designs, he by and large elevated them. In the circle of designers â€Å" Robert Venturi an Robert A M Stern, the so called Greys Designers whose work used the intercrossed civilization parlances of American twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life as get downing points of their new artistic way including kitsch and dad. † [ 10 ] Thus Robert Venturi, Philip and Robert A M Stern are three showy modern designers whose part to architecture hold a made a difference to the architectural universe.