Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) is a federally funded—state-administered—financial assistance program for low-income families with dependent children and financial assistance for pregnant women during their last three months of pregnancy. TANF provides temporary financial assistance while also helping recipients find jobs that will allow them to support themselves. TANF provides funds while recipients are going to school if they are receiving an education related to the work they will be doing. In 1996, TANF replaced old welfare programs, including the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program. TANF provides yearly grants to all U.S. states, territories, and tribal governments. The funds are used to pay for benefits and services distributed by the states to assist needy families. Since replacing AFDC, the TANF program has served as one of the main sources of economic security and stability programs for low-income families with children. Through this government grant program, states, territories, the District of Columbia, and federally-recognized Indian tribes receive about $16.6 billion annually. The TANF recipient jurisdictions use these funds to provide direct income support to qualified low-income families with children. The funds also allow the jurisdictions to assist recipient families with job placement and training, child care, and tax credits. Goals To get their annual TANF grants, states must show they are accomplishing the following goals: Assisting needy families so children can be cared for in their own homesReducing the dependency of needy parents by promoting job preparation, work, and marriagePreventing out-of-wedlock pregnanciesEncouraging the formation and maintenance of two-parent families While TANF jurisdictions must meet certain work participation and cost-sharing requirements, they have considerable flexibility with TANF funds to implement programs that best serve their distinct communities. Eligibility by State While the overall TANF program is administered by the federal Administration for Children and Families, each state is responsible for setting its own financial eligibility requirements, and accepting and considering applications for assistance. General Eligibility To be eligible, you must be a U.S. citizen or eligible noncitizen and a resident of the state in which you are applying for assistance. Eligibility for TANF depends on the applicants income, resources and the presence of a dependent child under age 18, or under age 20 if the child is a full-time student in high school or in a high school equivalency program. Specific eligibility requirements vary from state-to-state. Financial Eligibility TANF is for families whose incomes and resources are not enough to meet the basic needs of their children. Each state sets maximum income and resource (cash, bank accounts, etc.) limits above which families will not qualify for TANF. Work and  School Requirements With few exceptions, TANF recipients must work as soon as they are job-ready or no later than two years after beginning to get TANF assistance. Some people, such as the disabled and seniors, are given a participation waiver and do not have to work to qualify. Children and unmarried minor teen parents must meet school attendance requirements established by the state TANF program. To count toward a states work participation rate, single parents must participate in work activities for an average of 30 hours per week, or an average of 20 hours per week if they have a child under age 6. Two-parent families must participate in work activities for an average of 35 hours a week or, if they receive federal child care assistance, 55 hours a week.Failure to participate in work requirements can result in a reduction or termination of a familys benefits.States cannot penalize single parents with a child under 6 for failing to meet work requirements if they cannot find adequate child care. Qualifying Work  Activities Activities that count toward a states work participation rates include: Unsubsidized or subsidized employmentWork experienceOn-the-job trainingJob search and job readiness assistance—not to exceed six weeks in a 12-month period and no more than four consecutive weeks (but up to 12 weeks if a state meets certain conditions)Community serviceVocational educational training—not to exceed 12 monthsJob skills training related to workEducation directly related to employmentSatisfactory secondary school attendanceProviding child care services to individuals who are participating in community service Time Limits The TANF program is intended to provide temporary financial assistance while the recipients seek employment that will allow them to fully support themselves and their families. As a result, families with an adult who has received federally-funded assistance for a total of five years (or less at states option) become ineligible for cash aid under the TANF program. States do have the option of extending federal benefits beyond five years and may also choose to provide extended assistance to families using state-only funds or other federal Social Services Block Grant funds available to the state. Contact Information Mailing Address:Office of Family AssistanceAdministration for Children and Families370 LEnfant Promenade, SWWashington, DC 20447Phone: 202-401-9275Fax: 202-205-5887 Or go to the Office of Family Assistance websites FAQ page for TANF: www.acf.hhs.gov/ofa/faq

Abraham Licoln Outline Essay example - 1749 Words

Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln presidential outline I. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 and died on April 15, 1865 II. State: Lincoln was born in the state of Kentucky, and ran for president in Illinois. III. Educational and Occupational background: Abrahams step mother, Sarah, encouraged Abraham to read. It was while growing into manhood that he received his formal education (an estimated total of 18 months) a few days or weeks at a time. Reading material was in short supply in the Indiana wilderness. Neighbors recalled how Abraham would walk for miles to borrow a book. Occupationally: he was a lawyer and a former representative and president of the United†¦show more content†¦It was a series of battles fought in the Western Theater of the American Civil War throughout north Georgia and the area around Atlanta during summer of 1864. In July, the Confederate president replaced Johnston with the more hostile John Hood, who beg an challenging the Union Army in a series of damaging frontal assaults. Hoods army was eventually besieged in Atlanta and the city fell in September speeding up the end of the war. J. Battle of Wilderness (1864) – 10. The battle started the ball rolling for the entire wilderness campaign, Grants entire offensive. It was also the first stand between Grant and Lee. They then became known as the fathers of the wilderness campaign. K. End of the American civil war (1865) – 11. The Confederacy was defeated, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring unity and guaranteeing rights to the freed slaves began. X. Major Economic Issue(s): A. Morrill tariff: The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was a high protective tariff in the United States, adopted in March of 1861, during the administration of James Buchanan, he was a Democrat. It was a key element of the new Republican Party, and it attracted mostly industrialists and factory workers because it was a rapid industrial growth by limiting competition from lower-wage industries in Europe. It had been opposed by cotton planters, but they had mostly left the United States Congress when it was finally passed B. National bank act (1863) -

Toyota Case Analysis Free Essays

IDENTIFICATION According to our analysis, Toyota is lacking corporate identity in its host country. Toyota is experiencing difficulty bridging the gap between its Japanese collectivist culture and the individualist culture of the United States in regards to its marketing strategy. ANALYSIS Toyota’s key challenge is the fact that it is lacking an overall image in the minds of its consumers. We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Case Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their consumers see them as a product rather than a company. For instance, the CEO has concluded, â€Å"no one knows who Toyota is, that it is a faceless organization and doesn’t have a human element in the eyes of the consumer. This shows that its corporate identity is not currently designed to reflect the company’s leading position in terms of technology and image. Toyota’s second obstacle involves developing this corporate identity without diverting from its Japanese collectivist culture. This culture encourages conformity and group cohesion, while it discourages individually standing out; rather they are more uniform and homogeneous in nature. As such, defining your authentic self and broadcasting it tends to put the Japanese at risk of being separate from, rather than part of the group, which is where the challenge lies. The CEO wants its entire company, the â€Å"heroes,† to represent the â€Å"face† of the company, not just one single person serving as a representative, as the American individualist culture would. However, the consumers Toyota wants to target in its host country practice individualism, while Toyota is using strategies from its collectivist culture. In turn this causes a conflict in the marketing strategy. RECOMMENDATION The following action steps will address the lack of corporate identity that Toyota is facing while keeping the collective Japanese culture within the company: 1. Hire a marketing team with knowledge of cross cultures between Japan and the United States. This team will research and identify the target audience, help to identify the final theme, develop the budget according to media outlets and scheduling, and finally, execute the improved marketing plan (Advertising Campaigns – Meaning and its Process). 2. The marketing campaign will focus on developing the â€Å"heroes† of the â€Å"Toyota Way† as a marketing investment. Toyota is a collective company and so this campaign will brand the company as a whole without becoming individualistic like the culture of the United States. In developing this campaign Toyota will need to put their â€Å"heroes† out front over and over again. An example of changing â€Å"faces† as Toyota is planning can be seen with Chryslers Dodge Ram. Chrysler has been changing their image from being hard nose and tough to family and military friendly (Snavely, 2013). 3. The marketing team will determine a time line for the change in image. With the initiation of the time line, there should be six months to develop and begin running the campaign. Toyota will run the campaign for a minimum of one year with a more realistic time frame of three years. If you look at Chrysler, they have been running the campaign to change their image for two years and are still running. Chrysler has made a huge leap with the recent â€Å"Farmer† ad moving them to the softer side of their image (Scullio, 2013). Works Cited Advertising Campaigns – Meaning and its Process. n. d. February 2013. . Snavely, Brent. â€Å"Fresh Marketing Eyes. † Winnipeg Free Press: A. 1. 2013. Print. Sciullo, Maria. â€Å"Super Bowl Ad Glorifying Farmers a Hit. † McClatchy – Tribune Business NewsFeb 05 2013. ABI/INFORM Complete. Web. 26 Feb. 2013 . How to cite Toyota Case Analysis, Papers

Critical Analysis of The Three Potential International Markets

Question: Write an essay ona critical analysis of the three potential international markets (France, Brazil and Japan). Answer: This report provides a critical analysis of the three potential international markets (France, Brazil and Japan) where the bank can expand its banking services to customers. The analysis looked at the sizes of the economy in terms of Gross Domestic Product, the government policies, infrastructure and general banking sectors of different countries. The analysis also looked in depth at cultures of people from the three countries (France, Brazil and Japan) because culture plays a critical role in international business management. The report found that France is more advanced in terms of infrastructure compared to the other two markets. In terms of technology Korea was ahead whereas in terms of population and growth market potential Brazil emerged on top. Analysis of stock market performance in the two countries was also done revealing some key investment insights which I believe is helpful to the management. The report was concluded and recommendations were given based on the existing facts and information collected during the analysis. The report recommends that the bank should invest in Brazil because of the enormous potential and business prospects that the country offers. Market structures France France is one of the leading economies in the world and in terms of ranking it sits at position six in the world economy. The country has a population of approximately 66,000,000 people and 65% of the population aged between 14 to 65 years (International Monetary Fund, 2013). Such a population shows that majority of the people are active and working, and this provides a better market for service businesses (International Monetary Fund, 2013). Some key sectors of the economy such as telecommunication, electricity, railway and aircraft are controlled by the government (Meyer, 2014). Majority of the population in France is medium and high-income earners and therefore there is a low rate of poverty and higher purchasing power among the people (Organization, 2009). Property rights and contract enforcement in the France is very strict and therefore the market structures highly support the formation of mergers, and implementation of contracts (International Monetary Fund, 2013). There is high tax rate for foreign corporations and companies in France, which make the cost of doing business for a foreign corporation very high. Last year, France banking sector had 383 banks offering services and among the 35 leading banks in the world, five of them are from France, and this makes the country one of the major European countries with a compact banking sector in the market (Organisation, 2009). The market has a high rate of capitalization among the European countries due to the high number of banks in the economy. In terms of labor, France has more than sufficient qualified people to work in the market with an unemployment rate of 10%. The high number of trained people in the country implies that banking business cannot lack qualified experts to work in the banks. Brazil Brazil has an approximate population of 202 million people in the world which offers a very large market share for the products and services. The market growth rate is high because looking at the GDP of the country indicates that many sectors of the economy continue to grow, and these businesses need services (Meyer, 2014). The large number of people and a lot of businesses offers good business opportunity for banking business. The country has a higher per capita income with more than half of the people living above the middle class earning an income of $11, 500 to $29,000. (Int'L, 2015).The size of Brazilian market has grown rapidly, and this provides many opportunities for global banks. The banking sector in Brazil is one of the most stable in the South American countries. Due to the strong financial sector, there is a high rate of inflow of foreign direct investment, and this has further strengthened the national currency of Brazil. The banking sector of Brazil is characterized by acquisitions especially for private banks even though two government-owned banks continue to dominate the market. Furthermore, the Brazilian government does not regulate the sector and therefore there has been a high rate of borrowing among the people in the banking sector. Brazil's market is dominated by services sector that accounts for 67.5% of the country's GDP, and this market sector employs up to 66% of the total labor force (Int'L, 2015). This is an indicator that the government programs support the services sector including banking and therefore it is easier for a service business such banking to succeed in Brazil (Int'L, 2015). Korean market structure South Korea is a free market economy with few regulations that allows companies to do business with little interference. Therefore, Korean economy is heavily defined by South Korea due to the robustness of different sectors that continue to expand including manufacturing and services. The Korean market is structured along technological advancement, and most of the services offered in the country are through the use of technology (Christiansen, Turkina Williams, 2013). The market is further dominated by large family owned corporations and boasts some of the worlds leading technology firms namely LG and Samsung. Presence of large technology companies provides good business opportunity for service sector businesses such as banking. Regarding political stability, Korea is slightly stable due to the totalitarian nature of North Korea and the ever rising tension between South and North Korean countries (Christiansen et al., 2013). The Korean market is open and free, and this makes it vulnerable to market shocks because there are no strong institutions to protect the country from such shocks. Furthermore, the population of Korea is aging at a high rate which implies that there is a less active young population to work in the various sector of the economy (Yu, Wai-Kee Kwan, 2014). Acquiring banks in Korea is a risk because the bank risks lack of innovative young people to work in the banking sector thus increasing the cost of labor acquisition. Potential size and profitability of the markets France Due to high government regulation in the financial sector and ownership of key areas by the government, there is market stability in France fostered by the political stability due to peace that France enjoys. Development of the manufacturing sector in the country also boasts the potential growth of France as an economy, and once the economy is booted, banking sector also gets a boost (Int'L, 2015). However, France has well-established banks that are dominant and offers stiff competition in the industry. Furthermore, high domination of the government and many regulations deter foreign companies from investing in the economy and therefore the potential of growth in size and profitability of the banking sector is limited for banks that seek to enter the French market. Brazil Currently, the Latin American economies are in danger due to the slowdown trend in their annual growth rate of Brazil and Venezuela as at the end of 2015. In the past, the economies were growing at an average rate of 4.2% from 2004 to 2013 but by 2014, the rate dropped to 1.3%. In the same year of 2015, Brazils economy grew by only 0.1 percent which is one of the worst ever performance for a Latin American leading economy in history since the year 2009. According to GDP forecasts, the Brazilian economy is expected to fall by 1.2 percent in the year 2016 which is a worrying trend. The trend is supported by the fact that most asset managers have moved swiftly to liquidate their assets in Brazilian financial institutions which are an uncommon scenario. There is a looming danger of instability in the banking sector because government has failed to control credit creation by state-run financial institutions. There is a high rate of borrowing in the financial institutions that are owned by the government and part of the borrowing is funded by public money. This puts the private financial institution at a risk of being thrown out of business and therefore institutions that want to grow in Brazil are put at a risk. Regarding loan growth, the Brazilian economy has been slowing down in the recent year of 2015. In 2014, the Brazilian GDP slowed down despite the fact that the loans increased. The credit growth rate began to slow down in the first half of the year 2015 which affected the profitability of the banking system. In the first half of 2015, credit growth rate was estimated to be 1.05 percent compared to 2.7 percent in 2014. Despite the economic slowdown, banks continue to make profits which predict a good prospect for banking business. Korea The Korean economy is Information technology driven and has a very high level of creativity. In the world of technology, the company has developed financial technologies that aid in banking service delivery (International Business Publications, 2012). Furthermore, in the recent years, there has been some strict regulations of the credit creation in the financial sector. These strict rules have brought sanity in the Korean banking industry which has seen the sector grow rapidly (Yu, Wai-Kee Kwan, 2014). Furthermore, due to a high level of technology creativity in Korea, many corporations continue to channel their resources to Korea for investment in technology (International Business Publications, 2012). This influx of foreign direct investors in the Korean economy offers a great opportunity for businesses providing services such as banking and financial advisory. However, the recent regulations passed by Korean regulators that allow non-financial institutions to hold more than 50 percent stakes in the internet-only banks is a big blow to the banking sector. These adjustments encourage mobile banking and financial institutions reducing business for banks because many people will shift to internet-only banking system rather than visit banks for the services. Therefore, there is high growth potential in the banking sector in Korea for already established banks but for those new banks it is a big challenge. Analysis of potential problems In France the main problem that foreign banks may face is compliance with the existing regulations for the banking sector. The French government is so strict in the banking sector following the financial crisis that hit the sector in the year 2008 (Roett Brookings Institution, 2011). Banks need to only offer a limited amount of credit to customers, and this is a stumbling block for new banks that need to expand their operations into France (Gup, 2007). In France, there is a possibility of strong competition from the non-bank institutions that offer credit to people and businesses because the law allows for non-banks to provide finances to businesses and people freely (Department, 2013). Due to high competition in the provision of loans, banks have to lend money to businesses at a lower rate thus making less profit. It is also difficult for foreign banks to acquire local banks because local banks in France are well established and furthermore the regulations are a stumbling block. In Brazil, there is a potential economic slowdown as evident from statistics of the countrys GDP and a growth rate that have been slowing down in the recent years (Int'L, 2015). Banks will be negatively affected by the economic slowdown because savings and investment depend on the level of economic growth. With a slowing economy, the banking sector in Brazil is at a risk of running at a loss because the amount of loans issued to customers keeps reducing with time (Int'L, 2015). Furthermore, the great relationship that Brazil enjoys with the United States may make it difficult for another international corporation from a different country that wishes to invest in Brazil to accomplish its strategy (Int'L, 2015). Since this bank is an Australian bank, it will be difficult for the bank to gain a substantive market share in the banking sector given that there are already United States banks dominating Brazil and many other companies that originate from the U.S. (Int'L, 2015). In Korea, banks have a problem of keeping up with non-financial institutions that have been allowed by the law to offer internet-only banking services (Yu,Wai-Kee Kwan, 2014). Such institutions enjoy a large share of potential bank customers which gives a more challenging task for the new bank that wants to gain access to the Korean market. Furthermore, Korea is an Information technology driven economy which requires that any firm that seeks to enter the market must have a good technology strategy for it to succeed otherwise it will be difficult. There are also strict barriers to entry of new firms into the Korean economy because of the existing regulations that seek to protect local companies. The tight regulations in Korea act as a deterrent for a foreign corporation seeking to get access the market and acquire some local businesses (Yu,Wai-Kee Kwan, 2014). Analysis of future development French banking sector is already dominated by large government-owned banks and private banks that have large asset bases to compete with anybody who comes to the area as a competitor (Crane, 2000). Banks offer loans at a cheaper interest rate as witnessed in the loans given to SMEs (Trumbull, 2012). Banks in France offer loans to SMEs at an average rate of 4.90 percent which is lower than the rate offered by banks in the Euro Zone countries (Trumbull, 2012). Due to the above reasons, it is clear that banking sector in France is already established and therefore leaves little room for growth in the future. In Brazil, despite the slowing down of the rate of economic growth, commercial banks continue to make huge profits on financial services they offer to customers through lending and financial support services (Becker, n.d.).The return on equity for big private banks in Brazil reveals that the sector continues to enjoy high profitability despite the general economy slowing down. The banks recorded the earnings per dollar invested rate of 20 percent which is twice that recorded by most of the United States banks (Becker, n.d.). Furthermore, due to lack of regulation by the government, banks in Brazil enjoy high profits by charging higher interest rates on loans they offer to customers (Cyree, Huang, Lindley, 2011). Banks have also an option of buying government bonds to protect their investments from market shocks and through this programs they make more money while at the same time keep their investments safe (Cyree, Huang, Lindley, 2011). From these statistics, it is clear that there is potential for growth in Brazilian banking sector. Banks seeking to acquire banks in Brazil have an upper hand of succeeding because of the higher profits enjoyed by the existing banks in the economy. For financial sector of Korea, there is potential for the banking sector to develop more regarding financial technology and sector in general. The only obstacle to the future development of banking system in Korea is the heavy regulations put in place by the government to protect the local companies which bar entry of other banks that might be more efficient in terms of providing financial services. Therefore, future development is only possible if the government lessens barriers to entry into the market. International banks seeking to access Korean market find it hard because of the existing tight barriers for entry of international corporations. Foreign exchange and trade implications French foreign exchange market operates efficiently and the stocks are trading at a profit. In this country banking, a business can operate very well because there are no fluctuations in prices of financial assets which are important for any financial institution (Christiansen, Turkina, Williams, 2013). In Brazil, the current stock market is among the best stock markets in the world which are only second to Argentina. Even though the economy is headed in a slow down direction but the stock market performance is good. The good stock market attracts investors who increase the prospect of the need for banking services and also the stock exchange business is facilitated by banks (Gup, 2007). Korean stock market is not stable because of its vulnerable nature due to lack of policies to protect the market. Therefore, the banking business in such an economy is very risky due to the unpredictability of the market. Cultural consideration French people love and are proud of their language and therefore for any business to succeed in France, employees of the company must know how to speak French (Crane, 2000). France is also a country that is strict on rules, and therefore, a company that seeks to establish a business there must abide by the rules without exemption (Crane, 2000). Stricter government regulation deters any foreign bank from acquiring local banks in France and further more the tight lending rules also deter new banks from expanding their operations via credit expansion. Brazil is dominated by Catholics who value truth and therefore they have tiny tolerance for uncertainty. Due to intolerance to uncertainty, the society has set strict rules for everybody (Christiansen et al., 2013). Before the bank moves to Brazil, management must ensure that employees understand the Latin language and provide a high level of integrity to avoid clashing with the culture. The bank management needs to consider the values of Koreans and how they relate to their culture. Koreans live according to Confucius values that promote respect, avoid extremism and working hard is the virtue of Koreans (De, 2004). Before acquiring banks in Korea, it is important that management of the bank carries a strong culture analysis to determine the cultural values and business etiquette of Koreans (De, 2004). Conclusion There are various key factors that bank management should consider before pursuing international expansion policy. And these include stock market stability of the country, the culture of the people in that particular country, prospects for future development, potential size and profitability of the interest sector in the country, and the problems that organization might encounter while pursuing the strategy. An excellent country to invest in must have a stable foreign exchange market, capacity to expand, prospect of future development and the potential of the market size for the sector. From the analysis report, it is clear that the bank will face different obstacles in different markets but key among is compliance with the banking sector regulations that seem to be very strict especially in France and Korea. Potential of future growth also plays a significant role in determining which market to pursue amongst the three financial markets. Therefore, the bank needs to make the above considerations before making a decision to choose which market structure suits its expansion strategy and choose wisely for profitability purposes. Recommendations I recommend that the bank enters Brazil as its next destination because of various reasons. First, Brazil has few regulations and barriers to entry into the banking sector. Furthermore, the stock market of Brazil is the best performing which implies that the bank will be able to make more profits through stock market facilitation as more investors invest in Brazilian foreign exchange market. Statistics show that in the recent past banks in Brazil continue to make profits despite the fact that the economy is slowing down and therefore it is a good country for the bank to make acquisitions. References De, M. B. (2004). Korean business etiquette: The cultural values and attitudes that make up the Korean business personality. Boston, Mass: Tuttle Pub. International Business Publications, USA. (2012). Korea, South Investment, and Business Guide: Strategic and Practical Information. Intl Business Pubns USA. Crane, R. (2000). European business cultures. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Christiansen, B., Turkina, E., Williams, N. (2013). Cultural and technological influences on global business. Hershey PA: Business Science Reference. Top of Form Roett, R., Brookings Institution. (2011). The new Brazil. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution Press. Becker, T. Doing business in the new Latin AmericaBottom of Form Int'L, B. P. U. (2015). Brazil investment and business guide: Strategic and practical information. Place of publication not identified: Intl Business Pubns USA. Asongu, J. (2007). Doing business abroad: A handbook for expatriates. Place of publication not identified: Greenview Pub. Christiansen, B. (2012). Cultural variations and business performance: Contemporary globalism. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference. Meyer, E. (2014). The culture map: Breaking through the invisible boundaries of global business. Kim, S. (2005). Internal labor markets and employment transitions in South Korea. Lnaham, Md: Univ. Press of America. Jho, W. (2013). Building telecom markets: Evolution of governance in the Korean mobile telecommunication market. Cyree, K., Huang, P., Lindley, J. (2011). The Economic Consequences of Banks Derivatives Use in Good Times and Bad Times. Journal Of Financial Services Research, 41(3), 121-144. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10693-011-0106-y Department, I. M. F. M. C. M. (2014). Republic of Korea. Washington: International Monetary Fund. Department, I. M. F. M. C. M. (2015). Republic of Korea. Washington: International Monetary Fund. Claessens, S., Forbes, K. (Eds.). (2013). International financial contagion. Springer Science Business Media. Uhde, A., Heimeshoff, U. (2009). Consolidation in banking and financial stability in Europe: Empirical evidence. Journal of Banking Finance, 33(7), 1299-1311. International Monetary Fund. (2013). France: Selected issues. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund. Department, I. M. F. M. C. M. (2013). France. Washington: International Monetary Fund. Trumbull, G. (2012). Credit Access and Social Welfare The Rise of Consumer Lending in the United States and France. Politics Society, 40(1), 9-34. Trumbull, G. (2010). Regulating for legitimacy: Consumer credit access in France and America. Harvard Business School BGIE Unit Working Paper, (11-047). Organisation, . E. C.-D. (2009). OECD Economic Surveys France 2009. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Yu, T. F. L., Wai-Kee, Y., Kwan, D. S. (2014). International economic development: leading issues and challenges. Routledge. Gup, B. E. (2007). Corporate governance in banking: A global perspective. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.